second discussion of semantic

 Euphemism

A.Euphemism

Euphemism Definition

The term euphemism refers to polite, indirect expressions which replace words and phrases considered harsh and impolite or which suggest something unpleasant.Euphemism is an idiomatic expression which loses its literal meanings and refers to something else in order to hide its unpleasantness. For example, “kick the bucket” is a euphemism that describes the death of a person. In addition, many organizations use the term “downsizing” for the distressing act of “firing” its employees.

Euphemism depends largely on the social context of the speakers and writers where they feel the need to replace certain words which may prove embarrassing for particular listeners or readers in a particular situation.Techniques for Creating Euphemism,Euphemism masks a rude or impolite expression but conveys the concept clearly and politely. Several techniques are employed to create euphemism.

1.       It may be in the form of abbreviations.

EXAMPLE:  B.O. (body odor), W.C. (toilet) etc.

2.        Foreign words may be used to replace an impolite expression.

EXAMPLE:faux (fake), or faux pas (foolish error) etc.

3.        Sometimes, they are abstractions.EXAMPLE: before I go (before I die).

4.       They may also be indirect expressions replacing direct ones which may sound offensive.

EXAMPLE:rear-end, unmentionables etc.

5.       Using longer words or phrases can also mask unpleasant words.

EXAMPLE:  flatulence for farting, perspiration for sweat, mentally challenged for stupid etc.

6.        Using technical terms may reduce the rudeness exhibited by words.

EXAMPLE:gluteus maximus.Deliberately mispronouncing an offensive word may reduce its severity e.g. darn, shoot etc.

B.Euphemism Examples in Everyday Life

Euphemism is frequently used in everyday life. Let us look at some common euphemism examples:

1.       You are becoming a little thin on top (bald).

2.       Our teacher is in the family way (pregnant).

3.       He is always tired and emotional (drunk).

4.       We do not hire mentally challenged (stupid) people.

5.       He is a special child (disabled or retarded).

C.Examples of Euphemism in Literature

Example:

John Donne in his poem “The Flea” employs euphemism. He says:

  “Mark but this flea, and mark in this,

    How little that which thou denies me is;

    It suck’d me first, and now sucks thee,

    And in this flea our two bloods mingled be.

    Thou know’st that this cannot be said

    A sin, nor shame, nor loss of maidenhead;

    Yet this enjoys before it woo,

    And pamper’d swells with one blood made of two;

    And this, alas! is more than we would do.”

In order to persuade his beloved to sleep with him, the speaker in the poem tells her how a flea bit both of them and their blood got mixed in it. This is a euphemism.